Kosovska Mitrovica is considered one of the most polluted areas in Kosovo and is home to the Zvecan smelter, a part of the Trepca mining complex, made up of 40 mines that produce gold, silver, lead, zinc and cadmium. During its operation, lead levels in the city’s air and water reached up to 200 times more than World Health Organization guidelines. NATO peacekeepers closed the giant Zvecan lead smelter in August 2000 but the contamination left behind still poses a serious threat to the local environment and people’s health.

Blacksmith was called to Senegal after the March 2008 deaths of 18 children under the age of five in the Dakar neighborhood of Thiaroye-Sur-Mer. The University Hospital believed that the children all died from acute lead poisoning due to constant exposure to lead dust in the air, soil and water. At the time, the main economic activity in the town was the informal recycling of used lead-acid car batteries, which involved the haphazard melting of car batteries to reclaim the scrap lead inside. Often done in open-air settings, the unregulated recycling exposed some 40,000 people to lead dust.

After the deaths in Senegal, the government worked quickly to shut down these battery-smelting operations. However, the legacy of many years of unregulated lead processing had rendered the entire community exceedingly polluted. In April 2008, the Ministry of Health in conjunction with the University of Dakar Toxicology division conducted blood tests among 41 children of Thiaroye-Sur-Mer - 100% of the children tested presented levels over 10 μg /dl, with the highest average being 158 μg /dl for the one-to-five year age group. According to most international standards, lead levels above 70 μg /dL in children are considered medical emergencies. A visit to the site by Blacksmith Institute staff at the same time revealed large amounts of lead dust present in homes, stores and streets throughout the community. Blacksmith Institute, the University of Dakar's Toxicology department, and Senegalese Ministry of Health and the International Lead Management Center (ILMC) came together to address the problem.

ANAM (Panama’s Ministry of the Environment) reports that PAMETSA, a secondary smelter located in Panama City, processes spent lead-acid batteries, recovers plastic casings and smelts recovered lead into ingots. The PAMETSA site is located in a suburban area surrounded by domestic dwellings. The site is roughly 2.6 acres (a little over 1 ha) in area. There is a buffer of trees between the smelter buildings and the community of interest. The community is especially concerned about exposure to their children to lead contamination as a result of emissions from the PAMETSA site. Blacksmith investigators made an initial investigation in January 2008. A site assessment was conducted to collect information and soil samples for lead analysis. Dust wipes in five homes were taken. Soil lead concentration levels as high as 65,000 ppm Pb (parts of lead (Pb) per million) were reported. There is no information about the fate of acid reclaimed from the batteries. As many as 10,000 people may be at risk of lead exposure in communities surrounding PAMETSA. Lead poisoning causes central nervous system damage and impairs neurological development especially in children. The investigators recommended additional sampling in the community and provided equipment to do so. A memorandum of understanding was developed with the parties involved.

This project is part of the Lead Poisoning and Car Batteries Project. Full project details are available at www.blacksmithinstitute.org/haina.html

Community education campaigns implemented over a number of years likely resulted in a significant decrease in blood lead levels. However, the most drastic decreases resulted from environmental remediation. Following cleanup, blood lead levels have now likely decreased to acceptable levels. See more details about Haina under SUCCCESS STORIES: http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/success_stories/display/20

Tiljala lies in eastern Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal. About 34 small-scale secondary lead smelters operate here. They are located in close proximity to dense residential areas and open water bodies, thus endangering residents with lead exposure from smelter emissions and dust.

Significant industrial waste is haphazardly dumped into the Meycauayan River, a source of domestic and agricultural water for 250,000 people living in and around Manila. Substantial contamination comes from small scale lead recycling facilities along the river at Marilao, and from the many tanneries that dump untreated hexavalent chromium into the river. This river also feeds directly into the Manila Bay, and its effluents contaminate shellfish in commercial fishing areas.